Research
Schwartz, WL; Porter, CD;
Payne GC; Suhrbier, JH; Moe, PC; Wilkinson III, WL. “Guidebook to
Methods to Estimate Non-Motorized Travel: Overview of Methods.” July,
1999. FHWA No. FWHA-RD-98-165.
In order to better address
issues of traffic safety and to provide safe and convenient travel
options for an entire population, the question of how many people use
or will potentially use new or existing pedestrian and bicycle
facilities is gaining both attention and importance. Planners and
policy makers need to be convinced that the benefits of improvements
are worth the costs. Furthermore, these decision makers want to know
where to spend limited resources to get the most “bang for the buck”
as measured benefits to users. Estimates of pedestrian and bicycle
usage are necessary to plan for bicycle and pedestrian safety by
developing exposure information for crash/safety models. The
Guidebook addresses non-motorized travel forecasting, including 11
different methods with descriptions, typical applications, advantages
and disadvantages of each. Examples of actual studies accompany each
method’s description. Included is some discussion about factors which
affect travel mode selection, travel behavior, and route choice.
Although principally a research design manual for planners, excellent
methods for estimating types, volumes, and behaviors surrounding
non-motorized travel are useful to both the Pedestrian and Bicycle
Advocate.
FHWA Publication No. FHWA
PD-92-041, The National Bicycling and Walking Case Study No.1: Reasons
Why Bicycling and Walking Are and Are Not Being Used More Extensively
as Travel Modes. Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration,
1992.
Burden, Dan. “The Older
Pedestrian: Special Problems and Needs.” Proceedings-10th
Annual Pedestrian Conference. Boulder, CO: September 13-16, 1989,
217-221.Downtown Orlando Transportation Management Association.
Commuting in Downtown
Orlando: Survey Results.
Orlando, FL: 1991.
Dueker, Kenneth J.;
Pendleton, Pete; and Luder, Pete. The Portland Mall Impact Study.
Washington, D.C.: Urban Mass Transportation Administration, December
1982.
National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, Fatal Accident Reporting System, 1999.
Washington, DC: Us Department of Transportation, National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration.
Cottington, E. and Jehle, D.
Effect of alcohol consumption on outcome of pedestrian victims.
Annals of Emergency 1988; 17:53-956.
FHWA Publication No. FHWA
SA-90-005. Evaluation of Travel Demand Management Measures to
Relieve Congestion.. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of
Transportation, February, 1992.
Neumann, Cristopher.
Matrorail Orange Line Bicycle / Pedestrian Access Study. Washington,
D.C.: Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, 1989.
Bentzen, B.L. Nolin, T.L.,
Easton, R.D. Detectable warning surfaces: Color, contrast, and
reflectance. Washington: US Department of Transportation. This
laboratory study was conducted to determine the optimal physical
properties of a detectable warning system and to study properties such
as contrast, hue, and reflectance.
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